Impacts of the ENSO Modoki and other Tropical Indo-Pacific Climate-Drivers on African Rainfall - Nature.com
Impacts of the ENSO Modoki and other Tropical Indo-Pacific Climate-Drivers on African Rainfall - Nature.com |
| Posted: 16 Nov 2015 12:00 AM PST  Nicholson, S. E. The spatial coherence of African rainfall anomalies: Inter-hemispheric teleconnections. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 25, 1365–1381 (1986). Nicholson, S. E. The nature of rainfall variability over Africa on time scales of decades to millenia. Global and Planetary Change 26, 137–158 (2000). Lamb, P. J. Large-scale tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns associated with sub-Saharan weather anomalies. Tellus 30, 240–251 (1978). Janicot, S. Spatiotemporal variability of West African rainfall. Part II: Associated surface and air mass characteristics. J. Climate 5, 499–511 (1992). Janicot, S., Trzaska, S. & Poccard, I. Summer Sahel-ENSO teleconnection and decadal time scale SST variations. Clim. Dyn. 18, 303–320 (2001). Rowell, D. P. Teleconnections between the tropical Pacific and the Sahel. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 127, 1683–1706 (2001). Bader, J. & Latif, M. The impact of decadal-scale Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies on Sahelian rainfall and the North Atlantic oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 2169. doi: 10.1029/2003GL018426 (2003). Behera, S. K. et al. Paramount impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the East African short rains: A CGCM Study. J. Climate 18, 4514–4530 (2005). Alexander, M. A. et al. The atmospheric bridge: the influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Climate 15, 2205–2231 (2002). Black, E., Slingo, J. & Sperber, K. R. An Observational study of the relationship between excessively strong short rains in coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST. Mon. Wea. Rev. 131, 74–94 (2003). Latif, M. & Grötzner, A. The equatorial Atlantic oscillations and its response to ENSO. Clim. Dyn. 16, 213–218 (2000). Nicholson, S. E. & Selato, J. C. The influence of La Niña on African rainfall. Int. J. Climatol. 20, 1761–1776 (2000). Jury, M. R., Enfield, D. B. & Mélice, J.-L. Tropical monsoons around Africa: Stability of El Niño-Southern Oscillation associations and links with continental rainfall. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (C10), 3151, doi: 10.1029/2000JC000507 (2002). Rasmussen, E. M. & Carpenter, T. H. The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon. Wea. Rev. 111, 517–528 (1983). Ropelewski, C. F. & Halpert, M. S. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606–1626 (1987). Janowiak, J. E. An investigation of interannual rainfall variability in Africa. J. Climate 1, 240–255 (1988). Janicot, S., Harzallah, A., Fontaine, B. & Moron, V. West African Monsoon dynamics and eastern equatorial Atlantic and Pacific SST anomalies (1970-1988). J. Climate 11, 1874–1882 (1998). Klein, S. A., Soden, B. J. & Lau, N.-C. Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge. J. Climate 12, 917–932 (1999). Cai, W. & van Rensch, P. Austral summer teleconnections of Indo-Pacific variability: Their nonlinearity and impacts on Australian climate. J. Climate 26, 2796–2810 (2013). Du, Y., Xie, S.-P., Huang, G. & Hu, K. Role of air–sea interaction in the long persistence of El Niño–induced North Indian Ocean warming. J. Climate 22, 2023–2038 (2009). Ummenhofer, C. C., Sen Gupta, A., England, M. H. & Reason, C. J. C. Contributions of Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures to enhanced East African rainfall. J. Climate 22, 993–1013 (2009). Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N. & Yamagata, T. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian ocean. Nature 401, 360–363 (1999). Ashok, K., Behera, S. K., Rao, S. A., Weng, H. & Yamagata, T. El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 112, C11007, doi: 10.1029/2006JC003798 (2007). Marathe, S., Ashok, K., Swapna, P. & Sabin, T. P. Revisiting El Niño Modokis. Clim. Dyn. doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2555-8 (2015). Saji, N. H. & Yamagata, T. Possible impacts of Indian Ocean dipole events on global climate. Clim. Res. 25, 151–169 (2003). Guan, Z., Ashok, K. & Yamagata T. Summertime response of the tropical atmosphere to the Indian Ocean Dipole sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 81, 533–561 (2003). Ashok, K., Guan, Z., Saji, N. H. & Yamagata, T. Individual and combined influences of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Indian summer monsoon. J. Climate 17, 3141–3155 (2004). Ashok, K., Iizuka, S., Rao, S. A., Saji, N. H. & Lee, W.-J. Processes and boreal summer impacts of the 2004 El Niño Modoki: An AGCM study. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L04703, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036313 (2009). Cai W. J., van Rensch, P., Cowan, T. & Hendon, H. H. Teleconnection pathways of ENSO and the IOD and the mechanisms for impacts on Australian rainfall. J. Climate 24, 3910–3923. doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4129.1 (2011). Chen, G. & Tam, C. ‐. Y. Different impact of two kinds of Pacific Ocean warming on tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L01803, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041708 (2010). Pradhan, P. K., Preethi, B., Ashok, K., Krishnan, R. & Sahai, A. K. Modoki Indian Ocean Dipole and western North Pacific typhoons: Possible implications for extreme events. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D18108, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015666 (2011). Weng H., Wu, G. X., Liu, Y. M., Behera, S. K. & Yamagata, T. Anomalous summer climate in China influenced by the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans. Clim. Dyn. 36, 769–782 (2011). Feng, J. & Chen, W. Influence of the IOD on the relationship between El Niño Modoki and the East Asian-western North Pacific summer monsoon. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 1729–1736 (2014). Nicholson, S. E., Some, B. & Kone B. An analysis of recent rainfall conditions in west Africa, including the rainy seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña years. J. Climate 13, 2628–2640 (2000). Nicholson, S. E. & Palao, I. M. A re-evaluation of rainfall variability in the Sahel. Part 1. Characteristics of rainfall fluctuations. Int. J. Climatol. 13, 371–389 (1993). Osman, Y. Z. & Shamseldin, A. Y. Qualitative rainfall prediction models for central and southern Sudan using El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature indices. Int. J. Climatol. 22, 1861–1878 (2002). Nicholson, S. E. A review of climate dynamics and climate variability in eastern Africa In The Limnology, Climatology and Paleoclimatology of the East African Lakes (eds. Johnson, T. C. & Odada E. ) 25–56 (Gordon and Breach, 1996). Ratna, S. B., Behera, S., Ratnam, J. V., Takahashi, K. & Yamagata, T. An index for tropical temperate troughs over southern Africa. Clim. Dyn. 41, 421–441 (2013). Griffiths, J. E. & Ranaivoson, R. Madagascar in Climate of Africa, World Survey of Climatology, Vol. 10 (ed. Griffiths, J. F. ) 461–500 (Elsevier, 1972). Prezerakos, N. G. Synoptic flow patterns leading to the generation of north-west African depressions. Int. J. Climatol. 10, 33–47 (1990). Nicholson S. E. & Grist, J. P. The seasonal evolution of the atmospheric circulation over West Africa and Equatorial Africa. J. Climate 16, 1013–1030 (2003). Palmer, T. N., Branković, C., Viterbo, P. & Miller, J. Modeling interannual variations of summer monsoons. J. Climate 5, 399–417 (1992). Rowell, D. P. Teleconnections between the tropical Pacific and the Sahel. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 127, 1683–1706 (2001). Grist, J. P. & Nicholson, S. E. A Study of the dynamic factors influencing the rainfall variability in the West African Sahel. J. Climate 14, 1337–1359 (2001). Adedoyin, J. A. Instability of squall-inducing waves, global sea-surface temperature anomalies and climate change in tropical North Africa. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 62, 79–89 (1997). Joly, M. & Voldoire, A. Influence of ENSO on the West African monsoon: Temporal aspects and atmospheric processes. J. Climate 22, 3193–3210 (2009). Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J. & Lister, D. H. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3.10 Dataset. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 623–642 (2013). Kalnay, E. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 437–471 (1996). Rayner, N. et al. Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (D14), 4407, doi: 10.1029/ 2002JD002670 (2003). Alder, R. F. et al. The version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979– present).J. Hydrometeor. 4, 1147–1167 (2003). Tao, W. et al. Different influences of two types of El Niños on the Indian Ocean SST variations. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 117, 475–484, doi: 10.1007/s00704-013-1022-x (2014). Du, Y. et al. Indian Ocean Variability in the CMIP5 Multimodel Ensemble: The Basin Mode. J. Climate 26, 7240–7266 (2013). Yamagata, T. et al. Coupled ocean-atmosphere variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, In Earth's Climate (eds. C. Wang, S. P. Xie & J. A. Carton ), American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C. doi: 10.1029/147GM12 (2004). Saji, N. H., Xie, S.-P. & Yamagata, T. Tropical Indian Ocean variability in the IPCC twentieth-century climate simulations. J. Climate 19, 4397–4417 (2006). Yang, J., Liu, Q., Xie, S.-P., Liu, Z. & Wu, L. Impact of the Indian Ocean SST basin mode on the Asian summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L02708, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028571 (2007). Xie, S.-P. et al. Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo–Western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J. Climate 22, 730–747 (2009). Ashok, K., Nagaraju, C., Sengupta, A. & Pai, S. Decadal Changes in the relationship between the Indian and Australian summer monsoons. Clim. Dyn. 42, 1043–1052 (2014). Hourdin, F. et al. The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parameterized physics with emphasis on tropical convection. Clim. Dyn. 27, 787–813 (2006). Ashok, K., Sabin, T. P., Swapna, P. & Murtugudde R. G. Is a global warming signature emerging in the tropical Pacific? Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L02701, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050232 (2012). |
| Christmas served up: Mashed buttered swedes and carrots recipe - Telegraph.co.uk Posted: 30 Nov 2012 12:00 AM PST  My favourite, and in my opinion, the only way to eat swede; mashing it removes that watery texture and the carrots sweeten. Serves 8-10 Ingredients 6 large carrots 150ml double cream 150g butter • Pare and chop the vegetables roughly into chunks the size of ice cubes. Put in a pan and cover well with water. Bring to the boil and cook until tender. Drain well, allowing the vegetables to steam until quite dry. • Place in a blender/processor and blitz until you have a thick but smooth mash. Heat the cream and butter together in the pan that was used earlier, then add the mash. Place over the heat and cook, stirring all the time, until the underside of the mash bubbles volcanically. • Taste for salt, season with white pepper and serve. It will keep warm quite happily for an hour before the meal. ~~~~~~ Recipes Cheese straws recipe Game ballotine recipe Three simple cold canape recipes Roast turkey with chestnut, chipolata and fruit stuffing, bacon and sage cornbread, and prosciutto-sausage rolls recipe Potatoes roasted in stock and butter recipe Roast loin of pork with lemon breadcrumbs and caramelised root vegetables Roast guinea fowl recipe Vegetable gratins for Christmas recipes Mashed buttered swedes and carrots recipe Baked crêpes with figs and custard recipe Pear and prune frangipane tart recipe Bara brith with fudge ice cream recipe Refried pork, black pudding, apple and kale recipe Turkey and tarragon pie recipe Wines and spirits for the festive table |
| You are subscribed to email updates from "whatcan imake withfigs" - Google News. To stop receiving these emails, you may unsubscribe now. | Email delivery powered by Google |
| Google, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States | |
Comments
Post a Comment